Find out What a Bulbous Bow Is

Find out What a Bulbous Bow Is The strongest resistance any vessel faces in standard operations comes from displacement as the hull moves through the water. Waves that climb the bow are water being pushed aside faster than it can move away. It takes a lot of power to overcome the viscosity and mass of water and that means burning fuel, which adds to costs. A bulbous bow is an extension of the hull just below the waterline. It has many subtle shape variations but it’s basically a rounded front portion that flares out slightly as it blends into the traditional displacement hull construction. These forward protrusions are about twice as long as the width of the base and they would usually not extend forward past the top of the bow. The basic principle is to create a low-pressure zone to eliminate the bow wave and reduce drag. First appearing on the USS Delaware in 1910, the bulbous bow was a controversial design of U.S. Navy Ship Architect David W. Taylor. Much of the controversy disappeared ten years later when passenger ships began exploiting the design to increase speeds. Hulls built with bulbous bow sections are common today. Under certain conditions, this type of design is very efficient at redirecting forces of hydrodynamic resistance and drag. There is a movement against bulbous bows that allows greater flexibility of ships at a time when slow steaming is a way to save fuel. Good Conditions for Bulbous Bows The design of a ship with a bulbous bow is discussed in many textbooks and technical articles. It is often referred to as a theory or an art, which is a short way of saying nobody is 100 percent sure of what they are writing. There are details to be worked out but modern builders have proprietary ways of analyzing and integrating all hydrodynamic aspects of their hulls and these methods are strict secrets. A bulbous bow works best under certain conditions and good design gives efficiency gains throughout the range of these factors. Speed – At low speeds, a bulbous bow will trap water above the bulb without forming a low-pressure zone to cancel the bow wave. This leads to increased drag and loss of efficiency. Each design has what is known as most efficient hull speed, or often just hull speed. This term refers to the speed where the shape of the hull is acting on the water is such a way to produce the minimum possible drag. This ideal hull speed might not be the top speed of a ship because at some point the lower pressure zone created by the bow features becomes larger than necessary. A zone of lower pressure water that is larger than the hull is inefficient and leads to reduced rudder response. Ideally, the cone of lower pressure water will collapse just before the props. This gives the prop blades something to push against and limits cavitation at the props and rudder. Cavitation will lead to reduced efficiency of props, sluggish steering, and excessive wear of hull and drive components. Size – Vessels under 49 feet (15 m) do not have enough wetted area to take advantage of a bulbous bow. The amount of drag on a hull is related to its wetted area. The structure of the bulb also increases drag and at a certain point, the benefits shrink to zero. Conversely, larger ships with a high proportion of waterline to frontal area use the bulbous bow most effectively. Bad Conditions for Bulbous Bows Rough Seas – While a traditional hull rises with the wave, a hull with a bulbous bow can dig in even if it is designed to lift the bow under normal conditions. The issue of trim is one of the most deeply dividing aspects of bow design among naval architects. There is also a huge psychological aspect among crews who perceive this bow design as dangerous in storms. There is some truth that these bows dig into wave faces but there is little proof that it is more dangerous than traditional designs. Ice – Some ice breaking ships do have a special shape of a bulbous bow that is heavily reinforced. Most bulbous bows are prone to damage since they are the first point of contact with an obstacle. In addition to ice, large debris and fixed objects like dock faces can damage these extended underwater bows.

How Sequestration and Mandatory Federal Spending Cuts Work

How Sequestration and Mandatory Federal Spending Cuts Work Sequestration is the federal governments way of applying mandatory spending cuts across most programs and agencies during the budgeting process. Members of Congress use sequestration to reduce spending across the board when the governments annual deficit reaches a point that is unacceptable to them. Congress imposed spending caps on discretionary portions of federal spending through 2021, a move that was designed to save taxpayers about $1.2 trillion over nearly a decade. Sequestration  Definition The Congressional Research Service defines sequestration  this way: In general, sequestration entails the permanent cancellation of budgetary resources by a uniform percentage. Moreover, this uniform percentage reduction is applied to all programs, projects, and activities within a budget account. However, the current sequestration procedures, as in previous iterations of such procedures, provide for exemptions and special rules. That is, certain programs and activities are exempt from sequestration, and certain other programs are governed by special rules regarding the application of a sequester. Whats Affected By Sequestration When Congress uses sequestration, spending cuts happen to to both military and non-military spending, including important social programs such as Medicare. Most of the mandatory spending cuts come from non-military agencies and programs in the departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Education, Energy, Environmental Protection, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, NASA and Transportation. Whats Not Affected by Sequestration Several programs - most notable those for senior citizens, veterans and the poor - are exempt from sequestration cuts. They include Social Security, Veterans Affairs, Medicaid, food stamps and Supplemental Security Income. Medicare, however, is subject to automatic cuts under sequestration. Its spending cannot be reduced by more than 2 percent, however. Also exempt from sequestration are congressional salaries. So even though federal works are furloughed or laid off to save money, elected officials still get paid. Sequestration  History The idea of imposing automatic spending cuts in the federal budget was first put in place by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. Sequestration is rarely used, however, because of the negative consequences severe spending cuts have on programs and services for citizens. Even when Congress uses sequestration, it does so as a political tool to force voluntarily spending reductions and often doesnt allow the full cuts to take effect. Modern Examples of Sequestration The most recent sequester was used in the Budget Control Act of 2011 to encourage Congress to reduce the annual deficit by $1.2 trillion by the end of 2012. When lawmakers failed to do so, the law triggered automatic budget cuts to the 2013 national security budget. A super Congress made up of a select group of 12 members of both the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate was chosen in 2011 to identify ways to reduce the national debt by $1.2 trillion over 10 years. The super Congress failed to reach an agreement, however. The sequestration cuts imposed in the 2011 legislation took effect in 2013 and continue through 2021. Opposition to Sequestration Critics of sequestration say spending cuts threaten national security through Defense Department reductions and harm the economy because federal works are often furloughed or laid off. These cuts will make it harder to grow our economy and create jobs by affecting our ability to invest in important priorities like education, research and innovation, public safety, and military readiness, said President Barack Obama, who was in office when the sequestration cuts of 2013 took effect.

Health Care Profession of Physical Therapy Research Paper

Health Care Profession of Physical Therapy - Research Paper Example Moreover, providing information to the readers and encouraging a more positive feedback and recognition towards the field of Physical Therapy is another aim of the author. Physical Therapy is one of the significant professions in the health care field, though may be unpopular compared to the Medical and Nursing profession, this career plays an important role in the aforementioned field. It is possible that most individuals are unaware of the vital contributions of Physical Therapy to the society. Moreover, the whereabouts of Physical Therapy may still be a mystery or probably be vague to many people. Hence, this paper endeavors to discuss and explore the variety of concepts associated with the Physical Therapy profession. Physical Therapy is considered a profession. Profession as defined by Curtis (2002, p. 3) is a special type of occupation, unique from other occupations for the reason that it highlights autonomy, wherein it possesses the right to control its own work, its members and the rules that govern it. Moreover, it is apparent that Physical Therapy encompasses prolonged and specialized training guided by a body of knowledge, which is another characteristic of profession (Curtis, 2002, p. 3). In addition, it is also evident that people involve in physical therapy is oriented towards service and lastly, physical therapist are guided by specific laws, policies and guidelines that shed light to the efficient, proper and effective practice of their profession. Physical Therapy is simply defined as the provision of care and services under the direction and supervision of a physical therapist (Curtis, 2002, p. 4). Conversely, Nordqvist (2009) described physical therapy as â€Å"a branch of rehabilitative medicine with the objective of helping patients maintain, recover or enhance their physical abilities†. Nordqvist (2009) further added that physical therapy is the management and treatment of any pain, disease or injury

Film Triumph des Willens Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Triumph des Willens - Movie Review Example The film is made in the framework of an epic documentary. It employs many dramatic effects such as framing and sequencing to heighten the heroic ambition of the film. Hitler's obsession with being the savior of Germany can be seen in the opening scene. The clouds give way to the city of Nuremberg as an airplane descends from the sky. Hitler exits the plane and leaves no doubt that the film is about Hitler and not a factual representation of the Socialist Rally. Much of the film highlights Hitler as it attempts to connect the dictator with the German people. The motorcade scene is shot in wide angle from a distance to give the feeling of the gathering crowds. The shot then switches to the limousine as if the viewers were watching through Hitler's eyes. This dramatic sequencing sets up the connection between Hitler and the German people. This connection to the public is further demonstrated in the film with the use of close ups on women and children. They are smiling, healthy, and praising the dictator. Critics have contended that the film was staged and therefore is of no historical importance. However, it should be noted that this was a political rally, which are often attended only by supporters and often hold staged events. Triumph des Willens's value is the accurate portrayal of Hitler as a meglo-maniac and self obsessed dictator. This can be seen in the low angled shots that make his image loom over the surroundings. To further solidify the film's historical perspective there is the gratuitous use of fear throughout the film. The military that marches in precision is an indicator that the military was under Hitler's control. It was a polished and well-equipped organization that could instill fear in the population or be unleashed in a coming war. Hitler's march through the masses of gathered soldiers is a genuine historical record of the size and obedience of the German army at that time. Though the film is a piece of Nazi propaganda that was staged to promote the Socialist Party movement, it is also a primary source and a historical document. It illustrates the rise of a genocidal dictatorship through dramatic exaggeration and propaganda. The director originated filming techniques that have become the standard for current docu-dramas and feature films. Early study of the film could have predicted Hitler's eventual hostile tendencies and thirst for world domination. Works Cited Triumph des Willens (Triumph of the Will). Dir. Leni Riefenstahl. Perf. Adolph Hitler. 1935. DVD. Synapse,

An Unsuccessful India :: essays research papers

India is one of the worlds oldest and richest civilizations, the treasure chest of the Far East, and the desire of all the great powers of Europe. After years of battle it ended up under the control of Britain, making it "the most precious jewel in the crown of the Empire". Yet for India, the rule of the British did not bring promises of rebuilding a nation. Rather, it brought new dilemmas to face the Indian people. The British constantly exploited the nation for its prime resources and yet India had no gain from them. As the British Empire expanded, the wealth, resources and power of India attenuated. Slowly the suffering of the people of India grew. Meanwhile, Britain concentrated on increasing profits for its share-holders and officials, neglecting the suffering people of India and not to mention draining the wealth out of a great nation. Furthermore, new British laws destroyed the Indian industries that the British actually helped create in the first place. Their new British laws were also responsible for an enormous unemployment rate. Finally, India was ruled by a country that knew nothing about them and could not sympathize with them or rule them properly. India, at the time, had previously supported the Roman Empire under its rule with jewelry, spices and even clothing. It also was one of the oldest, and at the same time, richest places in the world. A huge number of people lived in India making it one of the biggest colonies in the world. After being dominated by the Roman Empire, India was ruled by the Portuguese. However, the Portuguese were only interested in India's trade so they monopolized on it. Europeans' began to see the true value of India. The Dutch then attacked the Portuguese in India and took over the country. Soon the Dutch were defeated by the French and, finally, in 1757 the British defeated the French decisively and then conquered India by using the method of "divide and rule". Before the British victory over France, in the sixteenth century, India was conquered by the Moslems from the north. In India the majority of the people supported the Hindu religion and the Moslems were supporters of the prophet Mohammed. This caused great tension between the Hindu people and Moslem leaders which contributed to the downfall of the Moslem Empire. Shortly after the crash of the empire, local rulers began to fight amongst themselves for land and power.

Analyse an parfume advertisement and discuss the imagery it contains

Analyse an advertisement and discuss the imagery it contains. Evaluate the success of the advertisers approach and give reasons for your opinions. How would you adapt the advertisement to make it suitable for different target audience? Explain your approach using semiotics. The purpose of advertising is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain them. Every medium is used to show these advertisements, including television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet and billboards. Semiotics is how we view advertisements all the time and notice all of the detail. Ferdinand de Saussure used his theory of signs and semiotics to explore and analyse specific adverts. We can evaluate how well adapted it is to its target audience. In 1974 Ferdinand de Saussure claimed, â€Å"Only a social group can generate signs.† In order to create imagery, the advertiser has used deep rich colour of dark blue to attract the consumer's attention to the perfume as this gives the impression of a seductive fragrance. The whole advert gives the impression of the night and this then shows lust as it is dark. The advertiser has been successful by using a dark colour as the main colour for the advert as dark colours create a sense of sexual activity in the dark. The perfume bottle, for which this advert is for, is used to create the imagery of the moon in the sky as it is shaped like a half moon. It gives the idea to the audience that the perfume is sensual as it is shining light onto the women's chest and she is posed in a sexual way with eyes closed and a hand on her neck. This imagery appeals to the consumer as it suggests that the perfume will make one become sensuous once wearing it. The words, ‘Deep Night' are used on the advert. These words are used to create an imagery of sexual activity and using the word ‘night' makes the audience think of things happening in the night for example sex. The advertiser is not very successful and this is because not many readers will look at the words and then interpret it in this way. Instead of focusing on the words, the reader then focuses on the model. The words, ‘The fragrance of love' are used on the advert. This shows this perfume is the perfume of love, and so by buying it, this perfume can bring you love. This phrase is easily interpreted by the audience and so this makes the advertisers approach successful. Also the fact that this particular perfume is love bound for the audience is showed by the advertiser using the words ‘the fragrance of love'. The model on the advert has her hand by her breasts. This reveals a lust for sex and a plea for men to buy the fragrance for their woman so they can engage in sexual activity aswell. The advertiser was successful by this approach and this is shown by the advert promoting sexual activity. The models top in the advert is very revealing to the audience and her breasts are clearly shown. The advertiser has used this revealing top to get attention by males so -this makes the male think their wife can reveal this top by them buying this perfume for their wife. The advertiser was successful in his attempt to promote sexual activity and this is proven by the models revealing top. The model on the advert has her mouth open and the advertiser shows sexual activity by this. The advertiser was successful by showing a lust for sex and this is shown by the models open mouth. By making the model have her mouth open slightly, it creates a sense of sexual activity and makes the buyer want it even more. The word, ‘ghost' is used on the advert. This creates a dark image by thinking of ghosts. When anyone thinks of ghosts they think of the night. The advertiser has done what he aimed for by using the word, ‘ghost'. The advertiser was successful by using the word, ‘ghost'; this is because a dark imagery is created by this. The audience can easily interpret ‘ghost' as it is there to put a dark atmosphere in our heads. This advertisement can be adapted to a different target audience to women who are in their mid-thirties. The women would wear a suit and to show she's a businessman which then shows control. Her breasts would only be concealed a bit to show maturity but still keep the seductiveness on a level. I would keep the colour purple because its do with passion. I would keep the models mouth slightly open to show a lust for sex still in there. I would keep the moon shaped perfume the same as it creates a dark atmosphere. In conclusion I think the advertiser has done very well to get his ideas out to the audience and this can be proven by various reasons. The advertiser has used dark colours all over the advert and used a moon as a shape for the perfume bottle. He also used different words to give the audience a dark image and these words make them want to buy this fragrance. The advertiser uses the model to create a sexy image in the advert and this is done by short tops and her mouth being open slightly.

The And Formation Of Chemical Substances - 2697 Words

Metabolism Definition: The break down and formation of chemical substances in the body that is needed for energy, for formation and breakdown of tissues and cells, and to maintain homeostasis of the body. Concept Key Terms: †¢ Adrenal: endocrine glands that are located on top of the kidneys and are responsible for several hormones like aldosterone, corticosteroids, †¢ Aldosterone: hormone secreted from the adrenal gland to signal the kidneys to retain sodium from the excretion †¢ Autocrine: a hormone that is released and acts on the cells that released it †¢ Calcitonin: hormone release by the thyroid to help with calcium absorption to lower blood calcium and phosphates †¢ Chvostek sign: a test for hypocalcemia where you tap on the patient’s†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Glucagon: hormone responsible for keeping blood glucose levels normal by stimulating the gluconeogenesis or glucogenolysis †¢ Glucocorticoid: hormone produced in the cortex of adrenal glands †¢ Glycogen: the stored form of glucose in the liver †¢ Gluconeogenesis: the process in the liver where glucose is made from substances other than carbohydrates which can be released into the blood or stored as glycogen †¢ Growth hormone: hormone made and released from the anterior pituitary gland and acts on several targets that stimulates growth and regulates metabolism †¢ Hormone: a chemical substance that is released by an organ or gland to act on another organ or gland or itself to stimulate or inhibit a response. †¢ Humoral: refers to chemicals that are found in the blood or body fluids that can aid in immunity or create or inhibit a response †¢ Insulin: hormone made in the pancreas that is necessary for glucose to get into each cell in the body †¢ Mineralocorticoid: steroid made by the adrenal gland †¢ Osmolarity: the concentration of sodium, potassium, urea, and glucose in plasma expressed as mmol/L †¢ Osmolality: the concentration of sodium, potassium, glucose, and urea in plasma expressed as mmol/kg †¢ Paracrine: gland that releases a hormone that acts on cells within the gland the gland †¢ Parathyroid: a gland on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland that is